Timeline of Ancient Era
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Timeline of Ancient Era
- 5000 BC - The Kurgan culture in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains (Indo-Aryans)
- 3000 BC - The proto-indo-european language develops in Central Asia
- 3000 BC - Dravidian speaking people develop the civilization of the Indus Valley
- 2500 BC - The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley
- 2000 BC - The civilization of the Indus Valley declines
- 2000 BC - The Kurgan culture spreads to eastern Europe and northern Iran
- 1700 BC - Indo-Iranians separate from the other Indo-European tribes and migrate eastward to settle in Iran
- 1600 BC - Indo-Aryans invade India from the west and expel the Dravidians
- 1500 BC - Religious texts are written in Vedic, an Indo-European language
- 1000 BC - The Rig-Veda are composed
- 900 BC - Indo-Aryans discover iron and invade the Ganges Valley
- 750 BC - Indo-Aryans rule over 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India, from the Indus to the Ganges
- 700 BC - The caste system emerges, with the Brahman priests at the top
- 600 BC - The Upanishads are composed in Sanskrit
- 543 BC - Bimbisara of Bihar conquers the Magadha region in the northeast and moves the capital to Rajagriha
- 527 BC - Prince Siddhartha Gautama is enlightened and becomes the Buddha
- 521 BC - Darius of Persia expands the Persian empire beyond the Indus River (Punjab and Sind)
- 500 BC - The ascetic prince Mahavira founds Jainism in northern India
- 493 BC - Bimbisara dies and is succeeded by Ajatashatru
- 461 BC - Ajatashatru dies after expanding the Magadha territory
- 400 BC - Panini's grammar (sutra) formalizes Sanskrit, an evolution of Vedic
- 327 BC - Alexander of Macedonia invades the Indus valley
- 323 BC - At the death of Alexander, Seleucus obtains India (Punjab)
- 304 BC - The Magadha king Chandragupta Maurya buys the Indus valley for 500 elephants from Seleucus, and thus founds the Maurya dynasty with capital in Patna (Pataliputra)
- 300 BC - The Ramayana is composed
- 300 BC - The Chola dynasty rules over southern India with capital in Thanjavur
- 290 BC - The Mauryan king Bindusara, son of Chandragupta, extends the empire to the Deccan
- 259 BC - The Mauryan king Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, converts to Buddhism and sends out Buddhist missionaries to nearby states
- 251 BC - Ashoka's son Mahinda introduces Buddhism to Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
- 250 BC - Diodotos, ruler of the satrapy of Bactria (Afghanistan), declares its independence from the Seleucids and conquers Sogdiana
- 250 BC - Buddhists carve the first cave temples (Lomas Rishi)
- 232 BC - Ashoka dies
- 206 BC - Seleucid king Antiochus 3 conquers Punjab
- 206 BC - Youstol Dispage dies
- 200 BC - The Mahabarata is composed
- 200 BC - Demetrios 1 expands Bactria to northwestern India
- 200 BC - The Andhras occupy the Indian east coast
- 184 BC - The Maurya ruler Brihadratha is assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga(Shunga), the Maurya dynasty ends and the Sunga dynasty begins
- 190 BC - Bactrian king Euthydemus defeats Seleucid king Antiochus 3 at Magnesia
- 170 BC - Batrian king Demetrios 1 expands Bactria to northwestern India
- 155 BC - Bactrian king Menander invades northwestern India
- 150 BC - Patanjali writes the Yoga Sutras
- 150 BC - The Andhras under king Krishna move their capital to Paithan
- 150 BC - The Kama sutra is composed
- 100 BC - India is mainly divided among Bactria (northwest), Andhras (east) and Sungas (south)
- 100 BC - The Bhagavata Gita is composed
- 80 BC - The Scythians (Sakas) under Bhumaka conquer northwestern India from Bactria
- 78 BC - The Sunga dynasty ends
- 50 BC - King Simuka installs the Satavahanas in Andhra Pradesh and extends his kingdom to the whole of the Deccan plateau
- 50 BC - The Scythians (Sakas) conquer Muttra and Taxila
- 50 AD - Thomas, an apostle of Jesus, visits India
- 50 AD - The first Buddhist stupa at Sanchi
- 127 AD - Kanishka, king of the Kushan, enlarges the kingdom from Bactria into Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Punjab, moves the capital to Peshawar and promotes Buddhism
- 162 AD - Kushan king Kanishka dies
- 200 AD - The Manu code prescribes the rules of everyday life and divides Hindus into four castes (Brahmins, warriors, farmers or traders, non-Aryans)
- 233 AD - Ardashir 1 Sassanid conquers the Kushan empire
- 250 AD - The Satavahanas disintegrate
- 300 AD - The Pallava dynasty is founded in Kanchi
- 318 AD - Chandra Gupta founds the Gupta kingom in Magadha and extends its domains throughout northern India with capital at Patna
- 350 AD - Samudra Gupta extends the Gupta kingdom to Assam, Deccan, Malwa
- 350 AD - The Kadambas of Karnataka rule from Banavasi
- 350 AD - The Sangam is compiled in the Tamil language in the kingdom of Madurai
- 350 AD - The Puranas are composed (a compendium of Hindu mythology)
- 380 AD - Buddhist monks carve two giant Buddha statues in the rock at Bamiya, Bactria (Afghanistan)
- 390 AD - Chandra Gupta 2 extends the Gupta kingdom to Gujarat
- 400 AD - The Shakas kingdom in Gujarat and Sindh dissolves
- 400 AD - The Licchavi family unites Nepal
- 450 AD - The Gupta king Kumargupta builds the monastic university of Nalanda (near Patna)
- 455 AD - The Huns raid the Gupta empire (Punjab and Kashmir)
- 465 AD - King Harisena of the Vakataka dynasty begins work at the Ajanta caves
- 499 AD - The Hindu mathematician Aryabhata writes the Aryabhatiya, the first book on Algebra
- 500 AD - Bhakti cult in Tamil Nadu
- 510 AD - Huns led by Mihiragula conquer Punjab, Gujarat and Malwa from the Gupta
- 528 AD - The Gupta empire collapses under continuous barbaric invasions
- 535 AD - Cave-temple of Elephanta Island (Bombay)
- 550 AD - The Chalukyan kingdom is established in central India with capital in Badami
- 578 AD - Badami shrines in Karnataka
- 600 AD - Shakti cult (mother-goddess)
- 600 AD - The Pallava dynasty dominates southern India from Kanchi
- 602 AD - Tibet is unified under Namri Songtsen
- 606 AD - Harsha Vardhana, a Buddhist, builds the kingdom of Thanesar in north India and Nepal with capital at Kanauij in the Punjab
- 625 AD - Pulikesin extends the Chalukyan empire in central India
- 629 AD - The Chinese monk Xuanzang (Huang Tsang) travels to India
- 629 AD - Tibet expands to Nepal under Songtsen Gampo
- 630 AD - Songzen Gampo introduces Buddhism to Bhutan
- 647 AD - Thanesar king Harsha Vardhana is defeated by the Chalukyas (based in Karnataka) at Malwa (central India)
- 650 AD - Ellora caves
- 650 AD - The Pallavas rule from their capital at Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) are defeated by the Chalukyas
- 670 AD - The Pallavas build a new city at Mamallapuram
- 700 AD - The Mahavamsa is composed in the Pali language in Ceylon
- 700 AD - The Shore temple at Mamallapuram
- 700 AD - The Pallavas rule southern India from their capital Kanchipuram
- 711 AD - The Arabs conquer Sindh and Multan (Pakistan)
- 723 AD - Kathmandu is founded in Nepal
- 730 AD - King Lalitaditya rules in Kashmir
- 750 AD - Temples of Bhubaneshwar and Puri
- 750 AD - The Gurjara-Pratiharas rule the north of India
- 750 AD - The Palas rule eastern India
- 753 AD - The Rashtrakutas which was under the Chalukya dynasty, expand from the Deccan into south and central India
- 757 AD - The capital of the Chalukyan kingdom is moved from Badami to Pattadakal
- 757 AD - The Kailasa temple at Ellora
- 775 AD - The Rashtrakutas are defeated by the Chalukyas, who move the capital at Kalyani (Mysore)
- 775 AD - Krishna 1 of the Rashtrakuta dynasty builds the rock-cut Kailasha Temple at Ellora
- 784 AD - The Pratihara king Nagabhata 2 conquers the sacred capital of the north, Kanyakubja
- 800 AD - Kingdoms are created in central India and in Rajastan by Rajputs (warlords)
- 800 AD - Shankar (Samkara) Acharya founds the Hinduist monastery of Sringeri
- 842 AD - The Tibetan emperor Langdarma is assassinated and the empire disintegrates
- 846 AD - The Cholas regain independence from the Pallavas
- 871 AD - Sindh and Multan (Pakistan) are de facto independent from the Baghdad caliphate
- 885 AD - The Pratihara empire reaches its peak under Adivaraha Mihira Bhoja 1, extending from Punjab to Gujarat to Central India
- 888 AD - The Pallava dynasty ends
- 890 AD - First Hindu temples at Khajuraho
- 900 AD - The Bhagavata Purana is composed in Sanskrit
- 950 AD - The Tomara Rajputs gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Delhi
- 950 AD - The Chandellas gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Khajuraho (Madhya Pradresh)
- 977 AD - Sebaktigin, a slave general, founds the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan, northern India and Central Asia
- 985 AD - Rajaraja Chola 1 extends the Chola empire to all of south India and builds the temple of Thanjavur
- 997 AD - Mahmud of Ghazni raids northern India
- 998 AD - Mahmud of Ghazni conquers Punjab
- 1000 AD - The tribal chieftain Nripa Kama conquers the area between the Cholas (south) and the Badami Chalukyas (north) and founds the Hoysala dynasty
- 1000 AD - Lingaraja and Rajarani temples at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)
- 1000 AD - The Shahi state is annexed to the Ghaznavid empire
- 1000 AD - The Chola king Rajaraja builds the Brihadeshvara Temple in Thanjavur (Tanjore)
- 1014 AD - Rajendra Chola 1 becomes the Chola ruler of the south and defeats the Palas in Bengal
- 1017 AD - The Cholas conquer Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
- 1019 AD - Mahmud Ghaznavid raids north India and destroys Kanauj, capital of the Gurjara-Pratihara empire
- 1030 AD - The Ghaznavid empire conquers Punjab
- 1030 AD - The Solanki kings build the Jain temples at Mount Abu
- 1050 AD - The Chola empire conquers Srivijaya, Malaya and the Maldives
- 1070 AD - Vijayabahu 1 of Rohanna expels the Cholas from Ceylon and moves the capital to Polonnaruva
- 1084 AD - Mahipala brings the Palas to the peak of their power
- 1084 AD - Youstol Dispage dies
- 1150 AD - The Senas conquer the Palas
- 1153 AD - Parakramabahu 1 of Ceylon moves the capital to Polonnaruva and builds the gigantic artificial lake of Parakrama Samudra
- 1175 AD - Ghurid Turks defeat the Ghazni Turks in the Punjab and the Ghaznavid state is absorbed into the Ghurid empire
- 1190 AD - The Chalukya empire is split among Hoysalas (south), Yadavas and Kakatiyas
- 1192 AD - Turkic-speaking chieftains from Afghanistans led by Muhammad of Ghor defeat Prithvi Raj, capture Delhi and establish a Muslim sultanate at Delhi
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