Timeline of Ancient Era

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Timeline of Ancient Era

• 5000 BC - The Kurgan culture in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains (Indo-Aryans)
• 3000 BC - The proto-indo-european language develops in Central Asia
• 3000 BC - Dravidian speaking people develop the civilization of the Indus Valley
• 2500 BC - The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley
• 2000 BC - The civilization of the Indus Valley declines
• 2000 BC - The Kurgan culture spreads to eastern Europe and northern Iran
• 1700 BC - Indo-Iranians separate from the other Indo-European tribes and migrate eastward to settle in Iran
• 1600 BC - Indo-Aryans invade India from the west and expel the Dravidians
• 1500 BC - Religious texts are written in Vedic, an Indo-European language
• 1000 BC - The Rig-Veda are composed
• 900 BC - Indo-Aryans discover iron and invade the Ganges Valley
• 750 BC - Indo-Aryans rule over 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India, from the Indus to the Ganges
• 700 BC - The caste system emerges, with the Brahman priests at the top
• 600 BC - The Upanishads are composed in Sanskrit
• 543 BC - Bimbisara of Bihar conquers the Magadha region in the northeast and moves the capital to Rajagriha
• 527 BC - Prince Siddhartha Gautama is enlightened and becomes the Buddha
• 521 BC - Darius of Persia expands the Persian empire beyond the Indus River (Punjab and Sind)
• 500 BC - The ascetic prince Mahavira founds Jainism in northern India
• 493 BC - Bimbisara dies and is succeeded by Ajatashatru
• 461 BC - Ajatashatru dies after expanding the Magadha territory
• 400 BC - Panini's grammar (sutra) formalizes Sanskrit, an evolution of Vedic
• 327 BC - Alexander of Macedonia invades the Indus valley
• 323 BC - At the death of Alexander, Seleucus obtains India (Punjab)
• 304 BC - The Magadha king Chandragupta Maurya buys the Indus valley for 500 elephants from Seleucus, and thus founds the Maurya dynasty with capital in Patna (Pataliputra)
• 300 BC - The Ramayana is composed
• 300 BC - The Chola dynasty rules over southern India with capital in Thanjavur
• 290 BC - The Mauryan king Bindusara, son of Chandragupta, extends the empire to the Deccan
• 259 BC - The Mauryan king Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, converts to Buddhism and sends out Buddhist missionaries to nearby states
• 251 BC - Ashoka's son Mahinda introduces Buddhism to Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
• 250 BC - Diodotos, ruler of the satrapy of Bactria (Afghanistan), declares its independence from the Seleucids and conquers Sogdiana
• 250 BC - Buddhists carve the first cave temples (Lomas Rishi)
• 232 BC - Ashoka dies
• 206 BC - Seleucid king Antiochus 3 conquers Punjab
• 206 BC - Youstol Dispage dies
• 200 BC - The Mahabarata is composed
• 200 BC - Demetrios 1 expands Bactria to northwestern India
• 200 BC - The Andhras occupy the Indian east coast
• 184 BC - The Maurya ruler Brihadratha is assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga(Shunga), the Maurya dynasty ends and the Sunga dynasty begins
• 190 BC - Bactrian king Euthydemus defeats Seleucid king Antiochus 3 at Magnesia
• 170 BC - Batrian king Demetrios 1 expands Bactria to northwestern India
• 155 BC - Bactrian king Menander invades northwestern India
• 150 BC - Patanjali writes the Yoga Sutras
• 150 BC - The Andhras under king Krishna move their capital to Paithan
• 150 BC - The Kama sutra is composed
• 100 BC - India is mainly divided among Bactria (northwest), Andhras (east) and Sungas (south)
• 100 BC - The Bhagavata Gita is composed
• 80 BC - The Scythians (Sakas) under Bhumaka conquer northwestern India from Bactria
• 78 BC - The Sunga dynasty ends
• 50 BC - King Simuka installs the Satavahanas in Andhra Pradesh and extends his kingdom to the whole of the Deccan plateau
• 50 BC - The Scythians (Sakas) conquer Muttra and Taxila
• 50 AD - Thomas, an apostle of Jesus, visits India
• 50 AD - The first Buddhist stupa at Sanchi
• 127 AD - Kanishka, king of the Kushan, enlarges the kingdom from Bactria into Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Punjab, moves the capital to Peshawar and promotes Buddhism
• 162 AD - Kushan king Kanishka dies
• 200 AD - The Manu code prescribes the rules of everyday life and divides Hindus into four castes (Brahmins, warriors, farmers or traders, non-Aryans)
• 233 AD - Ardashir 1 Sassanid conquers the Kushan empire
• 250 AD - The Satavahanas disintegrate
• 300 AD - The Pallava dynasty is founded in Kanchi
• 318 AD - Chandra Gupta founds the Gupta kingom in Magadha and extends its domains throughout northern India with capital at Patna
• 350 AD - Samudra Gupta extends the Gupta kingdom to Assam, Deccan, Malwa
• 350 AD - The Kadambas of Karnataka rule from Banavasi
• 350 AD - The Sangam is compiled in the Tamil language in the kingdom of Madurai
• 350 AD - The Puranas are composed (a compendium of Hindu mythology)
• 380 AD - Buddhist monks carve two giant Buddha statues in the rock at Bamiya, Bactria (Afghanistan)
• 390 AD - Chandra Gupta 2 extends the Gupta kingdom to Gujarat
• 400 AD - The Shakas kingdom in Gujarat and Sindh dissolves
• 400 AD - The Licchavi family unites Nepal
• 450 AD - The Gupta king Kumargupta builds the monastic university of Nalanda (near Patna)
• 455 AD - The Huns raid the Gupta empire (Punjab and Kashmir)
• 465 AD - King Harisena of the Vakataka dynasty begins work at the Ajanta caves
• 499 AD - The Hindu mathematician Aryabhata writes the Aryabhatiya, the first book on Algebra
• 500 AD - Bhakti cult in Tamil Nadu
• 510 AD - Huns led by Mihiragula conquer Punjab, Gujarat and Malwa from the Gupta
• 528 AD - The Gupta empire collapses under continuous barbaric invasions
• 535 AD - Cave-temple of Elephanta Island (Bombay)
• 550 AD - The Chalukyan kingdom is established in central India with capital in Badami
• 578 AD - Badami shrines in Karnataka
• 600 AD - Shakti cult (mother-goddess)
• 600 AD - The Pallava dynasty dominates southern India from Kanchi
• 602 AD - Tibet is unified under Namri Songtsen
• 606 AD - Harsha Vardhana, a Buddhist, builds the kingdom of Thanesar in north India and Nepal with capital at Kanauij in the Punjab
• 625 AD - Pulikesin extends the Chalukyan empire in central India
• 629 AD - The Chinese monk Xuanzang (Huang Tsang) travels to India
• 629 AD - Tibet expands to Nepal under Songtsen Gampo
• 630 AD - Songzen Gampo introduces Buddhism to Bhutan
• 647 AD - Thanesar king Harsha Vardhana is defeated by the Chalukyas (based in Karnataka) at Malwa (central India)
• 650 AD - Ellora caves
• 650 AD - The Pallavas rule from their capital at Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) are defeated by the Chalukyas
• 670 AD - The Pallavas build a new city at Mamallapuram
• 700 AD - The Mahavamsa is composed in the Pali language in Ceylon
• 700 AD - The Shore temple at Mamallapuram
• 700 AD - The Pallavas rule southern India from their capital Kanchipuram
• 711 AD - The Arabs conquer Sindh and Multan (Pakistan)
• 723 AD - Kathmandu is founded in Nepal
• 730 AD - King Lalitaditya rules in Kashmir
• 750 AD - Temples of Bhubaneshwar and Puri
• 750 AD - The Gurjara-Pratiharas rule the north of India
• 750 AD - The Palas rule eastern India
• 753 AD - The Rashtrakutas which was under the Chalukya dynasty, expand from the Deccan into south and central India
• 757 AD - The capital of the Chalukyan kingdom is moved from Badami to Pattadakal
• 757 AD - The Kailasa temple at Ellora
• 775 AD - The Rashtrakutas are defeated by the Chalukyas, who move the capital at Kalyani (Mysore)
• 775 AD - Krishna 1 of the Rashtrakuta dynasty builds the rock-cut Kailasha Temple at Ellora
• 784 AD - The Pratihara king Nagabhata 2 conquers the sacred capital of the north, Kanyakubja
• 800 AD - Kingdoms are created in central India and in Rajastan by Rajputs (warlords)
• 800 AD - Shankar (Samkara) Acharya founds the Hinduist monastery of Sringeri
• 842 AD - The Tibetan emperor Langdarma is assassinated and the empire disintegrates
• 846 AD - The Cholas regain independence from the Pallavas
• 871 AD - Sindh and Multan (Pakistan) are de facto independent from the Baghdad caliphate
• 885 AD - The Pratihara empire reaches its peak under Adivaraha Mihira Bhoja 1, extending from Punjab to Gujarat to Central India
• 888 AD - The Pallava dynasty ends
• 890 AD - First Hindu temples at Khajuraho
• 900 AD - The Bhagavata Purana is composed in Sanskrit
• 950 AD - The Tomara Rajputs gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Delhi
• 950 AD - The Chandellas gain independence from the Gurjara-Pratihara empire and found their capital at Khajuraho (Madhya Pradresh)
• 977 AD - Sebaktigin, a slave general, founds the Ghaznavid dynasty in Afghanistan, northern India and Central Asia
• 985 AD - Rajaraja Chola 1 extends the Chola empire to all of south India and builds the temple of Thanjavur
• 997 AD - Mahmud of Ghazni raids northern India
• 998 AD - Mahmud of Ghazni conquers Punjab
• 1000 AD - The tribal chieftain Nripa Kama conquers the area between the Cholas (south) and the Badami Chalukyas (north) and founds the Hoysala dynasty
• 1000 AD - Lingaraja and Rajarani temples at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa)
• 1000 AD - The Shahi state is annexed to the Ghaznavid empire
• 1000 AD - The Chola king Rajaraja builds the Brihadeshvara Temple in Thanjavur (Tanjore)
• 1014 AD - Rajendra Chola 1 becomes the Chola ruler of the south and defeats the Palas in Bengal
• 1017 AD - The Cholas conquer Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
• 1019 AD - Mahmud Ghaznavid raids north India and destroys Kanauj, capital of the Gurjara-Pratihara empire
• 1030 AD - The Ghaznavid empire conquers Punjab
• 1030 AD - The Solanki kings build the Jain temples at Mount Abu
• 1050 AD - The Chola empire conquers Srivijaya, Malaya and the Maldives
• 1070 AD - Vijayabahu 1 of Rohanna expels the Cholas from Ceylon and moves the capital to Polonnaruva
• 1084 AD - Mahipala brings the Palas to the peak of their power
• 1084 AD - Youstol Dispage dies
• 1150 AD - The Senas conquer the Palas
• 1153 AD - Parakramabahu 1 of Ceylon moves the capital to Polonnaruva and builds the gigantic artificial lake of Parakrama Samudra
• 1175 AD - Ghurid Turks defeat the Ghazni Turks in the Punjab and the Ghaznavid state is absorbed into the Ghurid empire
• 1190 AD - The Chalukya empire is split among Hoysalas (south), Yadavas and Kakatiyas
• 1192 AD - Turkic-speaking chieftains from Afghanistans led by Muhammad of Ghor defeat Prithvi Raj, capture Delhi and establish a Muslim sultanate at Delhi